位於義大利首都羅馬的主權實體，歷史上曾經統治地中海上的羅德島，但現在領土只有羅馬市區的兩棟建築物，一樓還是精品店。因為這兩棟建築物和義大利主權共存，並不構成「國家」要件，所以只被聯合國邀請為觀察國。即便如此，因為歷史因素，馬爾他騎士團仍被其他國家視為一「主權實體」，在一百多個國家設有大使館及分會，亦在聯合國、WHO等國際組織上設有席次。與台灣關係良好，2021年在WHA大會上發言力挺台灣參與WHA。

Year Founded: sovereignty officially declared in 1753

A sovereign entity located in Rome, Italy, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), commonly called the Order of Malta, once controlled the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean but now its territory is limited to the two buildings in downtown Rome. Because the two buildings coexist with Italian sovereignty and do not constitute the element of a “state,” the United Nations has only invited the Order of Malta to participate as an observer. In spite of this, for historical reasons, the Order of Malta is still treated as a sovereign entity by other countries. It has embassies and associations in more than 100 countries and also holds seats in international organizations like the United Nations and WHO. It has good relations with Taiwan and its representative spoke at the WHA conference in 2021 showing their strong support for Taiwan’s participation in the WHA.